Steel Tension Member: Yield and Rupture with Shear Lag (AISC 360 D2/D3)
The missing axial-tension leg beside the flexure, shear, and column tiles: a brace, hanger, or truss diagonal is the lower of gross yielding Fy Ag and net rupture Fu U An, where the shear-lag factor U = 1 - xbar/L punishes a member connected through only some of its elements. An L4x4x1/2 bolted through one leg draws U = 0.80 and flips the governing limit from yielding to rupture - the penalty a straight Fy Ag estimate misses; weld the full section and it flips back. Single hole line, no stagger. A design aid, not the engineer of record's stamped design.
Formula and source
An = Ag - nh dh t; U = U_override or 1 - xbar/L (capped at 1.0); Ae = U An; Pn_yield = Fy Ag (ASD /1.67, LRFD x0.90); Pn_rupture = Fu Ae (ASD /2.00, LRFD x0.75); capacity = min of the two limit states.
The AISC 360-22 Chapter D tension-member provisions -- D2 yielding on the gross section and rupture on the effective net area, with the D3 shear-lag factor U = 1 - xbar/L (Table D3.1 Case 2) and the net-area hole deduction -- by name; the paired resistance/safety factors are named constants.
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