Chip Seal Design by the McLeod Method
The paving design the tack-coat and hot-mix tiles never covered. A chip seal is built ONE STONE THICK, so the controlling dimension is the average least dimension, not the sieve size - traffic rolls each stone onto its flattest face. 18% flat particles pull a 3/8-in aggregate from 0.329 to 0.279 in, and both rates follow. Note the direction that surprises people: heavier traffic wants LESS binder, because traffic does the embedding. All four equations quoted from a public-domain state DOT procedure.
Formula and source
ALD H = M/(1.139285 + 0.011506 FI); voids V = 1 - W/(62.4 G); aggregate C = 46.8 (1 - 0.4 V) H G E lb/SY; binder B = (2.244 H T V + S + A)/R gal/SY.
The McLeod seal-coat design method as published in a US state DOT test procedure (public domain), by name; all four equations are quoted verbatim from that source rather than recalled.
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