Accounting, Tax, and Small-Business

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Straight-Line Depreciation - Annual depreciation, accumulated through year, and book value from cost / salvage / life.
MACRS Depreciation - Per-year MACRS depreciation, accumulated, and book value by class life and convention.
Section 179 and Bonus Depreciation - Allowable Section 179 (cap, phase-out, taxable-income limit), bonus depreciation, and remaining basis to MACRS.
Self-Employment Tax (Schedule SE) - 92.35% net-earnings adjustment, Social Security cap, Additional Medicare 0.9%, deductible half.
Quarterly Estimated Tax - Safe-harbor required annual payment, per-quarter installment, and IRS 1040-ES due dates.
Payroll Tax Withholding (Simplified) - Federal income tax (Pub 15-T percentage method), employee FICA, Additional Medicare.
Loan Amortization Schedule - Month-by-month principal / interest / balance with optional extra-principal payment, total interest, payoff month.
Breakeven and Contribution Margin - Breakeven units, breakeven revenue, contribution margin per unit, CM ratio, margin of safety.
Sales Tax Compounding and Reverse - Pre-tax / post-tax / tax with combined state + local rate.
Inventory Turnover and DSI - Turnover ratio, days sales of inventory, comparison against bundled industry median (Census ARTS / SBA).
Cash Conversion Cycle - How many days cash is tied up between paying for inventory and collecting on the sale.
Mileage Log Roll-Up - Total business miles, deductible at the published IRS standard rate, optional odometer cross-check.
Home-Office Deduction (Simplified vs Actual) - Simplified method ($5/ft^2 up to 300 ft^2 / $1,500 cap) vs actual method (office-use percent x home expenses).
Declining-Balance Depreciation (Book) - Per-year GAAP declining-balance depreciation schedule (150% or 200%), the year's depreciation, accumulated depreciation.
Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits Depreciation (Book) - A sum-of-the-years'-digits depreciation schedule, the accelerated book method.
Future Value of an Annuity (and Present Value) - The forward time-value-of-money primitive the finance set (loan-amortization, upgrade-roi) builds on but never states.
Effective Annual Rate (APR to APY) - Converts a nominal APR to the effective annual rate (the same thing as APY).
Markup vs. Margin Converter - Converts among cost, selling price, markup percent, and gross margin percent, with gross profit per unit and total.
Employer Payroll Tax - Employer Social Security, Medicare, FUTA, and SUTA, the total employer payroll tax.
Fully-Burdened Labor Rate - Base wage plus payroll taxes, workers comp, liability, and benefits.
Equipment Owning and Operating Hourly Rate - Owning (depreciation + interest/insurance/tax carry) plus operating (fuel + maintenance + wear) per hour.
Overhead Recovery Rate - Overhead spread over billable hours ($/hr), or over annual direct cost (% markup).
Work-in-Progress Percent Complete and Over/Under Billing - How complete a job is by cost, and the revenue that has been earned.
Change Order Price with Overhead and Profit - Change-order price = direct cost x (1 + OH%) x (1 + profit%).
Retainage Withheld and Net Payment (AIA G702/G703) - What is withheld from this draw, what gets paid, and what has piled up so far.
Surety Bond Premium (Tiered Rate) - Tiered premium per $1,000 of contract: $25/$15/$10 per thousand on the first $100k / next $400k / above $500k.
Workers-Comp Premium and Experience Mod - The workers-comp premium a payroll carries, before and after the experience mod.
Prevailing-Wage Package: Cash vs Bona-Fide Fringe - Package = base wage + fringe; paying the fringe as cash makes it taxable wages.
Economic Order Quantity (Wilson EOQ) - The order size that minimizes ordering plus holding cost.
Reorder Point and Safety Stock (Service Level) - The trigger level, and why 99% service costs double the buffer.
Units-of-Production Depreciation - Depreciation by USAGE rather than time, floored at salvage.

Accounting, Tax, and Small-Business

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