Plumbing and Gas

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Pipe Sizing - Water supply by fixture units; drainage by DFU.
Friction Loss - Hazen-Williams for water; Darcy-Weisbach for gas.
Pipe Volume - Gallons per foot by diameter.
Pump Sizing - Required head and flow.
Static Pressure Loss in Piping - Static pressure loss along a pipe run.
Gas Pipe Sizing - BTU capacity by pipe size, length, gas type.
Drainage Slope - 1/4 inch per foot rule and variants.
Pressure Conversion - PSI, head feet, inches of water column, kPa, bar.
Backflow Reference - Common backflow scenarios and preventer types.
Water Hammer Arrestor Sizing - PDI WH-201 designation from total fixture units.
Hot Water Recirc Pump Head - Pump head from pipe length, fittings, target flow.
Hot Water Recirc Loop Sizing (ASPE) - Per ASPE Data Book Vol. 4 Ch. 6: derives heat-loss rate, required GPM from set-point delta.
Septic Tank Sizing - Minimum tank gallons from bedrooms or daily flow.
Trap Arm Length - Maximum trap arm length by pipe diameter and slope.
Pipe Thermal Expansion - Linear expansion (in) for copper, PEX, PVC, CPVC, steel.
Tankless Water Heater GPM - Achievable flow from burner kBTU and inlet/outlet temperatures.
Gas Leak Rate (Orifice) - Estimated leak rate from orifice diameter and upstream pressure.
Gas Leak Equivalent Hole Diameter - The equivalent orifice (hole) diameter behind a measured gas leak rate.
Stormwater Rational Method - Peak stormwater runoff from a drainage area, in cfs and gpm.
Max Tributary Drainage Area for an Allowable Flow - The largest tributary catchment an inlet, pipe, or outlet rated for an allowable flow can accept.
Manning's Equation Drainage Slope - Self-cleansing slope and slope to carry target flow at half-full.
Circular Pipe Partial-Flow Depth and Velocity (Manning) - How deep a gravity pipe actually runs at a given flow, and how fast the water moves at that depth.
Manning Pipe Capacity (Full-Bore Gravity Flow) - The discharge a circular gravity pipe carries flowing full at a given slope.
Drainage Invert Elevation, Drop, and Cover - Invert-out, total fall, and cover over a gravity run from its slope and length.
Hydronic Radiant Floor Loop Sizing - The tube footage from the heated area and on-center spacing.
Hydrostatic Test Pressure and Hold - Test pressure (1.5x water / 1.25x gas) and recommended hold time.
Grease Trap Sizing - Volume from peak flow, retention, and loading factor; PDI G101 cited.
Grease Interceptor Flow Capacity - The peak fixture flow an existing grease interceptor is rated to serve.
Glycol Freeze Protection Mix - Glycol percent and concentrate gallons from manufacturer freeze-point curves.
Hydronic Expansion Tank - Required diaphragm tank volume from system volume, fill, and relief pressures.
Backflow Preventer Pressure Loss - Pressure loss interpolated from manufacturer-published curves.
Water Hammer Pressure Surge (Joukowsky) - Wave celerity from pipe-fluid coupling, pressure surge dP = rho × a × dV, and rapid-closure flag against 2L/a.
Pump Operating Point - Intersection of bundled pump curve with H_sys = H_static + k Q^2; SVG plot + numeric table at sample flows.
Septic Drainfield Trench Length - Required absorption area and trench linear feet from design daily flow and the application rate set by your local code.
Septic Drainfield Capacity (Flow / Bedrooms) - The design flow and bedroom count a drainfield supports, from the trench length a lot can fit.
Pipe Thermal Expansion and Loop Sizing - Linear expansion plus the guided-cantilever expansion-loop leg L_loop = sqrt(3 × E × D × dL / S_a).
Water Heater Recovery Rate - Recovery gph and AHRI first-hour rating from input rating, efficiency, and temperature rise.
Solar Thermal Collector Output - The useful heat a flat-plate solar thermal collector delivers.
Water Heater Input for a Target Recovery - The burner or element input needed to sustain a target recovery rate.
Water Heater Thermal Expansion Tank - Potable closed-system expansion volume and required tank size from heater capacity, temperatures, and incoming pressure.
Sanitary Drain DFU Sizing - Total drainage fixture units from a fixture list and the minimum pipe size for a horizontal branch, vertical stack.
Trap Primer Sizing - Primer / distribution-unit count, annual water use.
Backflow Assembly Sizing Screen - Hazard-driven assembly selection (RP required for any high / health hazard per IPC 312).
Cross-Connection Air Gap (IPC 608.15.1) - The minimum air gap for the most positive backflow protection there is.
Hydronic Fill Pressure (Static Height) - The cold-fill pressure a hydronic loop needs to lift water to its highest point and keep air out.
Solder and Flux per Sweat-Joint Takeoff - Solder for a copper rough-in from the joint count.
Pipe Insulation and Jacket Material Takeoff - The mechanical insulator's material list.
Freeze-Protection Heat-Trace Cable and Circuit - The heat-trace cable and wattage a run needs to stay above freezing.
Trap-Seal Protection Check - Within-limit pass/fail and percent of the permitted trap-to-vent distance used.
Water Meter Sizing from Peak Demand - Adequate/undersized verdict, percent of the meter's normal-flow rating used, and the headroom.
Water Thermal-Expansion Volume - Expanded water volume gained on heating from bundled NIST water-density points.
DWV Vent-Stack DFU / Length Check - Pass/fail of a vent stack against the adopted code's permitted DFU and developed-length table values.
Low-Pressure Fuel-Gas Pressure Drop (Spitzglass) - Pressure drop (in. w.c.) and velocity for low-pressure fuel gas via the Spitzglass equation.
Fuel-Gas Pipe Capacity (Spitzglass) - The most gas a bore carries within an allowable pressure drop.
Septic Pump / Dose Tank Volume - Net dose per cycle, pumped volume per cycle and per day.
Septic Tank Pump-Out Interval - Years between tank pump-outs from the working volume, household size, and a per-capita sludge/scum accumulation rate.
Septic Tank Size for a Target Pump-Out Interval - The septic tank working volume that puts a target number of years between pumpings.
Septic LPP Orifice Flow and Squirt Height - Per-orifice flow, orifice count, and system flow for a low-pressure-pipe septic lateral.
Septic LPP Squirt Head for a Target Orifice Flow - The squirt head (residual pressure) that produces a target per-orifice discharge in an LPP drainfield.
Mixing / Tempering Valve Blend Temperature - Blended delivery temperature, mix ratio, or hot flow for a tempering valve, with a scald-limit flag.
Well Pressure-Tank Drawdown and Sizing - Usable drawdown, runtime per cycle, and short-cycle flag for a well pressure tank.
Pipe Velocity and Erosion Check - Flow velocity (v = 0.4085*gpm/d^2) and the copper erosion-corrosion verdict, or the max flow for a velocity ceiling.
Probable Peak Demand (WSFU to GPM) - Hunter's-curve probable peak flow in GPM from total water-supply fixture units, for flush-tank or flush-valve systems.
Water-Supply Pressure Budget - Available residual at the critical fixture after elevation, meter, backflow, and friction losses.
Roof Drain and Leader Sizing - Storm flow in GPM from roof area and design rainfall.
Overflow Scupper Sizing (Weir Flow) - Secondary (overflow) scupper as a rectangular weir.
Scupper Width for a Required Overflow Flow - The scupper width for a required overflow flow at a design head.
Sewage Force-Main Scour Velocity - Whether a sewage force main runs fast enough to keep solids from settling out.
Dry Well / Infiltration Trench Sizing - The size of a stone-filled dry well or infiltration trench (soakaway) that stores runoff and soaks it into the ground.
Stormwater Detention Volume (Modified Rational) - The detention storage a site needs to hold its peak runoff down to the allowable release rate.
Sump / Ejector Basin Drawdown and Cycle Check - Drawdown volume, run and fill times, cycles per hour.
Gas Appliance Connected Load (CFH) - Total connected BTU/hr and the cubic feet per hour that feeds gas-pipe sizing.
Water-Heater T&P Relief and Discharge - Checks a water heater's T&P valve against its input and sizes the discharge pipe.
Pipe Hanger Spacing and Count - Maximum support spacing for a pipe material, size, and orientation from IPC 308.5, and the hanger count for a run.
Water Softener Sizing - Compensated hardness, daily grain load, days between regenerations.
Pipe Cold Spring (Cut-Short) - Free thermal growth, the cold-spring gap to cut the run short.
Pipe Inert Purge Volume and Time - Inert (nitrogen) purge volume and time for a pipe run while brazing or purging a gas / process line.
Leach-Field / Trench Drainrock Volume - Washed drainrock for a septic leach field from the trench layout.
Hydronic System Water and Glycol Volume - Fill volume of a hydronic system and its water / glycol split.
PEX Home-Run Manifold Port and Tubing Takeoff - PEX home-run manifold ports and tubing for one line per fixture.
Time of Concentration (Kirpich) - The storm duration stormwater-rational needs but never computes.
Time of Concentration (TR-55 Velocity Method) - Time of concentration by the NRCS TR-55 velocity method, summing the travel time through sheet flow.
Curve Number Runoff Depth (SCS/NRCS) - Runoff DEPTH from a storm by the NRCS Curve Number method (TR-55 Chapter 2).
TR-55 Graphical Peak Discharge - Peak flow from a curve-number watershed by the NRCS TR-55 Graphical Peak Discharge method (Chapter 4).
Composite Curve Number (Impervious Area) - The composite curve number for a developed area of mixed land use and impervious cover (NRCS TR-55 Chapter 2).
TR-55 Detention Storage Volume - Approximate detention-basin storage by the NRCS TR-55 Chapter 6 method.
Culvert Headwater by Inlet Control (HDS-5) - How high the water ponds at a culvert entrance under inlet control.
Governing Culvert Headwater (HDS-5) - The governing culvert headwater - the GREATER of inlet and outlet control - and which one wins.
Culvert Headwater by Outlet Control (HDS-5) - Culvert headwater under OUTLET control, where the barrel and the tailwater set the head.
Governing Box Culvert Headwater (HDS-5) - The governing headwater for a rectangular BOX culvert - the GREATER of inlet and outlet control.
Box Culvert Headwater by Outlet Control (HDS-5) - Headwater for a rectangular BOX culvert under OUTLET control, where the barrel and the tailwater set the head.
Box Culvert Headwater by Inlet Control (HDS-5) - Headwater for a rectangular BOX culvert under INLET control, where the entrance sets the head.
Orifice Discharge Flow - The flow through a sharp-edged hole that sizes a detention-pond outlet, a tank drain, or a restrictor plate.
Orifice Diameter for a Target Flow - The diameter that passes a target flow under a steady head.
Tank Drain Time (Falling-Head Orifice) - How long a tank takes to empty through an orifice, integrating the falling head.
Open-Channel Froude Number, Regime, and Critical Depth - Whether an open channel runs tranquil or rapid, which manning-slope and weir-flow never tell you.
Trapezoidal Channel / Swale Capacity (Manning) - Flow in a TRAPEZOIDAL channel - the shape every real swale, roadside ditch, and lined channel takes.
Rectangular Channel Normal Depth (Manning) - The Manning normal (uniform-flow) depth of a rectangular channel.
Hydraulic Jump: Sequent Depth and Energy Loss - Where supercritical flow leaps to a deeper tranquil depth below a chute or culvert.
Open-Channel Specific Energy and Alternate Depth - The specific-energy diagram of an open channel.
Velocity Head and Dynamic Pressure - The pressure a moving fluid carries by virtue of its speed alone.
Flow Continuity Velocity at a Size Change - The velocity a flow picks up when the pipe changes size.
Bernoulli Total Head (Pressure + Velocity + Elevation) - Total head H = P/gamma + V^2/(2g) + z (ft of fluid), the mechanical energy per unit weight.
Thrust Block Bearing Area at a Pipe Bend (AWWA M41) - The thrust a pipe bend throws, and the bearing area a block needs to take it.
Max Line Pressure for a Thrust Block (AWWA M41) - The highest test/surge pressure a thrust block of a given bearing-face area restrains at a bend.
Water Main Chlorination Dose - The chlorine to charge a newly installed or repaired water main the AWWA C651 way.
Well Shock-Chlorination Dose - The household bleach to shock-chlorinate a private well from the casing diameter and standing water column.
High-Altitude Appliance Input Derate - The derated maximum input for a gas appliance at altitude per the NFPA 54 / IFGC high-altitude provision.
Natural-Gas / Propane Conversion (Input and Orifice) - What changes when an appliance is converted between natural gas and propane.
Gas Appliance Connection Check (IFGC 408.4 / 409.5 / 411.1.3.1) - Three rules meet at the last three feet of gas piping, and one category cuts across all of them.
Wobbe Index (Fuel-Gas Interchangeability) - The single number that governs fuel-gas interchangeability.
Medical Gas System Demand and Diversity (NFPA 99) - The first sizing step for an oxygen, medical-air, nitrous, or vacuum main.
Storage Water-Heater Sizing (First-Hour Rating) - Whether a storage water heater meets the household peak-hour demand.
Water Service Pressure, PRV, and the Closed System (IPC 604.8 / 607.3) - A causal chain people walk into one step at a time.
Drainage Cleanout Layout (IPC 708) - Three triggers put cleanouts in a drain and they ADD, so counting from any one comes out low.
ADA Grab Bar Layout and Blocking Load - Where the grab bars go in an accessible toilet or bathing room.
Air Admittance Valve Installation Check (IPC 918) - The AAV is sold as the thing that saves you a vent through the roof, and IPC 918.7 says plainly that it does not.
Vent Terminal Height, Frost Closure, and Location (IPC 903) - Three independent rules land on the same pipe, and satisfying two is not compliance.
Accessible Toilet Compartment Sizing (2010 ADA Standards 604.8) - Two compartments can be owed, and the second is triggered by an OR that gets read as an AND.
Shower Compartment Size (IPC 417.4) - Two compliance paths, each with TWO conditions, and area alone satisfies neither.
Plumbing Fixture Clearances (IPC 405.3.1) - The bathroom rough-in check, in four numbers.
Flash Steam Percentage Across a Pressure Drop - The fraction of condensate that re-boils to steam when it drops across a trap from a high pressure to a lower one.
Steam Main Size from Flow and Velocity - Sizes a steam main by mass flow against an allowable velocity.
Steam Main Capacity from Size and Velocity - How much steam an existing Sch 40 main carries within an allowable velocity.
Steam Trap Condensate Load and Required Capacity - Running condensate load, and the trap capacity it needs at the operating differential.
Steam Boiler Surface Blowdown (Cycles of Concentration) - The continuous surface blowdown a steam boiler needs to hold its dissolved solids below the limit, by a TDS mass balance.
Steam Orifice / PRV Capacity (Napier) - Choked steam through an orifice or PRV by Napier's formula.
Radiator EDR to Heat Output - The heat a cast-iron radiator delivers from its EDR (Equivalent Direct Radiation, sq ft) rating.
Boiler Horsepower, Steam Output, and EDR - The ABMA / ASME boiler ratings from a gross output.
Steam PRV Orifice Area for a Required Capacity (Napier) - The orifice / seat area a required relief capacity needs.
ASME UG-27 Shell Thickness (Joint Efficiency and Corrosion) - The ASME Section VIII shell thickness. t = PR/(SE - 0.6P) for a cylinder, PR/(2SE - 0.2P) for a sphere.
ASME UG-32 Formed-Head Thickness (Ellipsoidal, Hemispherical, Torispherical) - The ASME Section VIII head thickness, for ellipsoidal, hemispherical, and torispherical heads.
Pipe Pressure Rating and Required Wall (ASME B31.1) - The ASME B31.1 internal-pressure relation both directions.
Filled Pipe Support Load per Hanger - The load each pipe hanger carries: pipe, fluid, and insulation over its spacing.
Minimum Hanger Rod Diameter from Load (MSS SP-58) - The smallest threaded rod whose MSS SP-58 safe load clears the per-hanger load.
Condensate Return Line Size From the Flash Steam - The return line size from the FLASH steam that re-boils off the condensate at the lower return pressure, not the liquid.
Branch Saddle Cutback Template (Pipe-on-Pipe) - The saddle contour ordinates for a branch pipe notched to sit on a run pipe for a welded branch connection.
Reducer Centerline Offset and Invert Continuity - The centerline offset = (large OD - small OD) / 2 and which surface stays continuous through a size change.
Flange Pressure-Temperature Rating (ASME B16.5) - The maximum allowable working pressure of a flange CLASS at a service temperature.
Branch Connection Reinforcement (Area Replacement, ASME B31.1) - Whether a branch opening cut into a pressurized run needs a reinforcing pad.
Expansion Joint / Loop Guide Spacing (EJMA 4D/14D) - Where the first two guides go so an expansion joint or loop compresses instead of buckling sideways.

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